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Hi Readers... Since this story went together the best shot of NGC 253 has disappeared from APOD, although there could be another explanation, maybe it was done in an attempt to refute this story, and to contribute to the "dumbing down" of mankind, this article reverses the trend!!
Download NGC 253, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor, thought to be between eight and thirteen million light years distant, from APOD Astronomy Picture of the day, crop the image to 1359 x 1037 pixels centered on the brightest part of the galaxy, and extending as far as a cluster of emission nebulae, the red bits in the disc of the galaxy, in the lower right hand corner and to similar emission nebulae left upper.
So we want to find out more…
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Pythagoras told us the square on the hypotenuse, is the sum of the square of the other two sides, we want to know the measurement of the hypotenuse which is the straight line opposite the right angle, here represented by the square corners provided courtesy of Microsoft Picture Manager.
1359 squared is 1846881 ...1037 squared is 1075369, add the upper and lower and get 2922250, find the square root is 1709, thus the Galaxy subtends an angle of 1709 pixels, rounded out to 1700.
We want to know that, because there are two more distant spiral galaxies located below right of center in the same shot, fortunately both are nearly upright, which makes it easier to guage their width, the lower and smaller of the two fits quite neatly in a square box 14 X 14 pixels, the larger is little longer than fourteen pixels call it 16, then for the sake of simplicity we add another pixel to get 17.
Dividing that by the angle of 1700 subtended by the much closer NGC 253, and find that the more distant galaxy is around one hundred times smaller, we are gonna say it is similarly one hundred times more distant.
1359 squared is 1846881 ...1037 squared is 1075369, add the upper and lower and get 2922250, find the square root is 1709, thus the Galaxy subtends an angle of 1709 pixels, rounded out to 1700.
We want to know that, because there are two more distant spiral galaxies located below right of center in the same shot, fortunately both are nearly upright, which makes it easier to guage their width, the lower and smaller of the two fits quite neatly in a square box 14 X 14 pixels, the larger is little longer than fourteen pixels call it 16, then for the sake of simplicity we add another pixel to get 17.
Dividing that by the angle of 1700 subtended by the much closer NGC 253, and find that the more distant galaxy is around one hundred times smaller, we are gonna say it is similarly one hundred times more distant.
So far we are getting a handle on the scale of the universe, exactly the same principle applies locally.
Space based telescopes give one hundred and thirty degrees as the longitudinal dimension of the Milky Way, Sky Catalogue 2000.0 tells us NGC 253 is 25.1 arc minutes or .4163 of one degree long, we divide that by the one thirty degrees of the Milky Way, to get 310.78, which means NGC 253 is that many times further than the Milky Way galaxy.
Radio data from Sagittarius A* recognized as the heart of the MW galaxy, has returned a distance of 24250 light years, NGC 253 is 310.78 times further away, multiply the distance to A* by 310.78, and get 7,536,415 LY as the distance to NGC 253!!
We got the figures by finding that NGC 253 is 1700 pixels across, the larger of the two more distant galaxies is one hundred times smaller at seventeen pixels, and one hundred times further away at 753,641,500 light years, multiply by 365.24 x 24 x60 x60 x 186,000 for miles!!
The smaller of the two is somewhere around fourteen pixels across, however since it was less than that we do some more calculus, as each pixel is taken away, so does the distance increase, should it become eight and one half pixels, the distance would be 1578.83 million light years.
Since it was not that small, we will say half way between seventeen and eight and a half, so add four and a quarter pixels for an image half as wide again of twelve and three quarter pixels, a fair total... then for a place that is similarly halfway between the upper and lower limits, go to a distance half way between at 1130.46 million light years.
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FAQ's:...How can you say that all spiral galaxies are the same size??
The MW galaxy has the same overall profile as many similar disc galaxies, including NGC 253, ie an active center and emission nebulae spaced similar distances apart, less active and smaller galaxies have less active profiles, while spherical galaxies fall into a different category altogether, neither classes of object should be mistaken for anything else.
In the case of the two smaller more distant galaxies in the above example, each pixel of image width reduction adds around 44.3, and 91 million light years in linear distances respectively, indeed there are other edge on spirals visible on the same plate, including one at upper left center, which does appear to have an image width of around eight and one half pixels.
In this model it would be around 1,578.83 million light years distant, where each pixel in image width reduction adds 188.2 million ly, which is why we assume galaxies are at a given mean, using the best estimates of the MW, which say it is one hundred thousand light years across, as a yard stick.
We would be speaking in terms of thousandths of a pixel in image width, were we to locate the true size of distant galaxies!!
The MW galaxy has the same overall profile as many similar disc galaxies, including NGC 253, ie an active center and emission nebulae spaced similar distances apart, less active and smaller galaxies have less active profiles, while spherical galaxies fall into a different category altogether, neither classes of object should be mistaken for anything else.
In the case of the two smaller more distant galaxies in the above example, each pixel of image width reduction adds around 44.3, and 91 million light years in linear distances respectively, indeed there are other edge on spirals visible on the same plate, including one at upper left center, which does appear to have an image width of around eight and one half pixels.
In this model it would be around 1,578.83 million light years distant, where each pixel in image width reduction adds 188.2 million ly, which is why we assume galaxies are at a given mean, using the best estimates of the MW, which say it is one hundred thousand light years across, as a yard stick.
We would be speaking in terms of thousandths of a pixel in image width, were we to locate the true size of distant galaxies!!
There is a critter called a Dwarf Spiral that can trip you up, however all calculations should be accompanied by redshift data, which will expose any of those that are trying to sneak onto the main list, another is Malin 1 named after its discoverer David Malin, who similarly revolutionized astronomical photography in the 1970's and 80's, which does not fit into this scheme, however Malin 1 objects are very rare and seldom encountered, and in any case redshift data would instantly expose them for what they are!!
The MW is surrounded by star clouds, which formed in emission nebulae at the tidal boundary of the galaxy, the gravity source can not keep the disc stable outwardly for ever, and bits will spin off and go their own way at that place, they keep expanding and eventually drift away into inter galactic space, this is the physical force that makes all similar disc galaxies the same size give or take!!
See compressed matter in the arms of spiral galaxies expanding in emission nebulae, globules of stars resembling bunches of grapes, form as the hole matter expands, see file material and very rare photo’s, the individual grapes become individual stars, see the Pleiades, as expansion continues some groups will remain held together forming star systems.
This pic shows the relationships in the Milky Way family!!
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How likely is it that globular clusters are juvenile galaxies?
Probably unlikely, in this model the compressed matter in the spiral arms expands in emission nebulae, to form stars and globular clusters that drift to stations above and below the disc, as the spiral evolves into an ellipse. The globular clusters form a placenta, that effectively shields the galaxy from radiation, and a buffer zone against collisions and impacts with other galaxies.
Probably unlikely, in this model the compressed matter in the spiral arms expands in emission nebulae, to form stars and globular clusters that drift to stations above and below the disc, as the spiral evolves into an ellipse. The globular clusters form a placenta, that effectively shields the galaxy from radiation, and a buffer zone against collisions and impacts with other galaxies.
So galaxies calve?
Sure they do, look for rare shots of spidery looking juvenile galaxies drifting away from parent bodies!!
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The above pic is galaxy M 32 the closest major galaxy in the constellation Andromeda, not counting Dwingeloo 1 a much closer galaxy that has been radio located directly opposite the nucleus of the MW, thus it remains invisible from Earth, the fuzzy blob below right center of M32 is satellite galaxy M 31, the large blob in the disc slightly below left center is M 110, both could be embryo galaxies that will expand as a child galaxies of M32!!
Omega Centauri called NGC 5694 is an embryo galaxy of the Milky Way, it has no...
...active nucleus, so it is unlikely to change, it could start spinning and flatten into a disc, then might drift away as a low surface brightness galaxy.
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LSB galaxies are very numerous and collisions between them are frequent, they do not show up at all on most conventional photo’s, their presence was only revealed after large numbers of blue arcs centered on super massive elliptical galaxies, turned up on deep field shots, so astronomers started looking for more and found millions, near and far. During this collision phase if two colliding members are compatible, they combine then rapidly evolve into an active disc as the nascent black holes lurking at the heart of both respond, then reproduce.
What happens next??
The active nucleus of spiral galaxies like the MW and M32, expand and gather all the dust and debris in the galaxy then contract into a very dense center, the material goes into the torus, the donut of swirling dust and shattered stars that insulates the central surrounds of the black hole, or cluster of BH’s at the center of the galaxy.
Centaurus A an exploding galaxy in that constellation, thought to be about twenty six million light years distant, appears to be presently undergoing that process.
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Astrometry data is essential, so has it been hijacked by NASA and JPL, whose joint purpose has itself been hijacked by defense, which has been hijacked by hijackers who run government, who employ hijackers to hijack hard evidence and true science. They try to sell their version back to the public in books and publications, with Saganesque data about cannibal galaxies, and wanna tell you, “…well there was this Big Bang,” there was no BB, man is gonna plunge back into the age of ignorance, while it remains the province of the select few, with the right security clearance, to get an education.
With good sky maps available, that have photographs and catalogs of deep fields, and astrometry, radio locating and red shift data, it does not take long to figure it all out, the data that is released is most often too raw, with dazzling columns of figures and seemingly contradictory terms, it is seldom in a form that can be used for home astrometry, the photographs and charts they reproduce never have grid markers, so scale always remains a mystery.
With good sky maps available, that have photographs and catalogs of deep fields, and astrometry, radio locating and red shift data, it does not take long to figure it all out, the data that is released is most often too raw, with dazzling columns of figures and seemingly contradictory terms, it is seldom in a form that can be used for home astrometry, the photographs and charts they reproduce never have grid markers, so scale always remains a mystery.
This thread commenced at NGC 253, and was intended to refute the claim that the universe is expanding after the explosion of a primal atom, evidenced by Redshift which Big Bangers say shows the velocity of physical recession, which true science recognizes as an artifact of distance.
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Nowhere do distant galaxies show evidence that they are fall out from an explosion, there is no trail of smoking debris like there was at the WTC on 911, which was from a genuine big bang, nor do they appear to be doing anything except drifting about a bit, until they establish stable orbits with other members in their group.